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P

Participant

A participant is someone who takes part in a research project. Sometimes participants are referred to as research "subjects".


Participatory research

This is a type of research where researchers and people who use services or carers are partners in a research project. The research addresses an issue of importance to service users or carers, who are involved in the design and conduct of the research, and the way the findings are made available. The aim of the research is to improve people's lives.


This is not a research method - it's an approach to research, a philosophy.


Patent

A form of intellectual property that gives the producer of a drug the legal right to exclude others from making, using or selling the drug


Pathways

Genes do not act in isolation, and do their job by interacting in a network of genes and proteins. These networks are known as signalling pathways. 


Patient group

An organisation set up to represent the views of patients and families around all issues relating to a condition, from diagnosis, care and management, and treatment.


Patient information sheet

Researchers must provide a patient information sheet to everyone they invite to take part in a research study, to ensure people can make an informed decision about this. The sheet explains what taking part will involve and should include details about:

  • why the research is being done, how long it will last, and what methods will be used
  • the possible risks and benefits
  • what taking part will practically involve, e.g. extra visits to a hospital or a researcher coming to interview someone at home
  • what interventions are being tested, or what topics an interview will cover
  • how the researchers will keep participants' information confidential
  • what compensation is available to people if they are harmed as a result of taking part in the research
  • who to contact for further information
  • how the results will be shared with others. 

Patient registry

A patient registry is a centralised database that systematically collects information about people who are affected by a particular condition or have specific interactions with a health service.


Patient reported outcome

A health outcome directly reported by the patient who experienced it


Peer review

Peer reviewing is where a research proposal or a report of research is read and commented on by people with similar interests and expertise to those who wrote the proposal or report. Peer reviewers might be members of the public, researchers, or other professionals. Peer review helps to check the quality of a report or research proposal. Members of the public who act as peer reviewers may choose to comment on:

  • whether the research addresses an important and relevant question
  • the methods used by researchers
  • the quality of public involvement in the research.

Perspective

The point of view that an analysis is conducted from.



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